Morphological description of extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb in a specimen of pudu (Pudu puda) / Descripción morfológica de la musculatura extrínseca del miembro torácico de un espécimen de pudú (Pudu puda)

SUMMARY: The pudu (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl of the Cervidae family. It is a native species found in Argentina and Chile. It is estimated that its population has been substantially reduced due to several causes, such as loss of forests, predation, hunting, and vehicle accident. Therefore, this species is protected due to its vulnerable conservation status. The extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb have great importance in the biomechanical functionality of the suspension of the limb, neck, and head, as well as participating in the movement of the thoracic wall and thoracic limb. The objective of the present study is to describe the extrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a specimen of pudu, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in the classical anatomical bibliography. Basic procedures: All extrinsic muscles were analyzed, describing shape, distribution, origin, and insertion. The results indicate that the pudu specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to domestic ruminants; however, some differences should be considered. Main findings: The brachiocephalicus muscle has an evident clavicular intersection that separates it into cleidobrachialis, cervicalis, and mastoideus pars. The pectoralis superficialis muscle has two distinct and independent pars, and the pectoralis profundus muscle has a partial fusion with the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci muscles. The subclavius muscle is small and has an elongated shape and goes deep into the cephalic vein, just at the point it is a tributary of the external jugular vein. The results of this study present specific anatomical features of Pudu puda providing novel reference information and expanding scientific knowledge of this scarcely studied wild species.

RESUMEN: El pudu (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae. Es una especie nativa que se encuentra en Argentina y Chile y se estima que su población se ha reducido sustancialmente debido a varias causas, tal como la pérdida de bosques, depredación, caza y accidentes de vehículo. Debido a lo anterior esta especie está protegida por su estado de conservación vulnerable. Los músculos extrínsecos del miembro torácico tienen gran importancia en la funcionalidad biomecánica de la suspensión del miembro, el cuello y la cabeza, además de participar en el movimiento de la pared torácica y el miembro torácico. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura extrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudu, comparando los resultados con los descritos para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se analizaron todos los músculos extrínsecos, describiendo la forma, distribución, origen e inserción. Los resultados indican que el espécimen de pudu tiene características anatómicas similares a las de los rumiantes domésticos; sin embargo, deben tenerse en cuenta algunas diferencias. Hallazgos principales: El músculo braquiocefálico tiene una interección clavicular evidente que lo separa en pars cleidobraquial, cervical y mastoideo. El músculo pectoral superficial tiene dos porciones distintas e independientes, y el músculo pectoral profundo tiene una fusión parcial con los músculos latissimus dorsi y cutáneo del tronco. El músculo subclavio es pequeño y tiene una forma alargada y se ubica profundamente a la vena cefálica, justo en el punto en el que es un afluente de la vena yugular externa. Los resultados de este estudio presentan características anatómicas específicas de Pudu puda proporcionando información de referencia novedosa y ampliando el conocimiento científico de esta especie silvestre escasamente estudiada.

Morphometric, anatomic and radiographic study of bone of the pelvic limb of endangered Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) / Estudio morfométrico, anatómico y radiográfico de los huesos del miembro pélvico del huemul patagónico en peligro de extinción (Hippocamelus bisulcus)

Currently, the Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is endangered. Anatomical studies focused on understanding the anatomy of the deer most threatened by extinction in South America is a challenge for anatomists, veterinarians and biologists. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in anatomical knowledge, which is basic and important for a comprehensive understanding of this species. Gross anatomy and radiography of the skeleton of the pelvic limb was performed in three adult Patagonian huemul. Bone specimens of three skeletally mature Patagonian huemul deer were used for gross osteological and radiographic studies. This study was conducted to reveal the morphometric and morphological features of the ossa membri pelvini of the Patagonian huemul. The main findings suggest the presence of powerful extensor muscles in the coxofemoral, femorotibial and tarsal joints, useful during walking, jogging and propulsion in deer. In general, the MNF of Patagonian huemul differ in position with respect to domestic ungulates. In addition, the presence of a notch or obturator canal was observed, with variability in morphology and development among the specimens.

Actualmente, el Huemul Patagónico (Hippocamelus bisulcus) está en peligro de extinción. Los estudios morfológicos centrados en comprender su anatomía han sido un desafío para morfólogos, veterinarios y biólogos. Investigaciones enfocadas en su conservación, se han centrado principalmente en su ecología, patología y en la descripción de sus principales agentes infecciosos, dejando vacíos en el conocimiento anatómico básico, y por ende, su comprensión morfofisiológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la anatomía, morfometría y radiología macroscópica normal y detallada del ossa membri pelvini en tres especímenes de Huemul Patagónico, incluida una interpretación funcional como referencia para uso clínico y conservacionista, investigación biomédica y fines de enseñanza. Los principales hallazgos sugieren la presencia de potentes músculos extensores en las articulaciones coxofemoral, femorotibial y tarsal, útiles durante la marcha, el trote y la propulsión en los ciervos. En general, los forámenes nutricios principales del Huemul patagónico difieren en posición con respecto a los ungulados domésticos. Además, se observó la presencia de una muesca o canal obturador, con variabilidad morfológica y de desarrollo entre los especímenes.

Descripción morfológica y morfométrica de la miología intrínseca del miembro torácico en un ejemplar de pudú (Pudu puda) / Morphological and morphometric description of thoracic limb intrinsic myology in a specimen of pudu (Pudu puda)

El pudú (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae y es el ciervo más pequeño. Se estima que su población se ha reducido, esto debido a varias causas, como son la pérdida de los bosques, depredación, caza y atropellos. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura intrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudú, comparando los resultados observados con lo descrito para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se estudió la musculatura desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro en cuatro regiones topográficas: región escapular, braquial, antebraquial y de la mano. Además, se realizó un estudio morfométrico indicando el largo, ancho y grosor de los músculos. Los resultados indican que el ejemplar de pudú posee características anatómicas similares a rumiantes domésticos, sin embargo, se deben considerar algunas diferencias, tales como: la porción escapular del m. deltoides se une de manera aponeurótica con el m. infraespinoso; las dos cabezas del m. flexor ulnar del carpo se encuentran altamente fusionadas; no se observó el tercer tendón del m. bíceps braquial; el m. tríceps braquial es bien desarrollado y presenta cuatro cabezas musculares bien diferenciadas; el m. ancóneo permanece de manera independiente de la cabeza lateral del m. tríceps; el m. flexor digital profundo presenta cuatro cabezas y el m. interóseo es macroscópicamente tendinoso. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de esta especie que se encuentra poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.

The pudú (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl and is the smallest deer of the Cervidae family. It is estimated that its population has been reduced for a number of reasons, such as loss of forests, predation and hunting. The objective of this study is to describe the intrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a Pudu specimen, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in anatomical literature. Musculature was studied from proximal to distal, dividing the limb into four topographic regions: scapular, brachial, antebrachial and hand regions. In addition, a morphometric study was conducted indicating the length, width and thickness of the muscles. The results indicate that the Pudu species has anatomical characteristics similar to those of domestic ruminants. However, some differences should be considered, such as the scapular portion of M. deltoides joins aponeurotically with M. infraspinatus; the two heads of M. carpis ulnaris are highly fused; the third tendon of M. biceps brachii; the M. triceps brachii is well developed and has four distinct muscle heads; the M. Anconeus remains independent of the lateral head of M. triceps brachii; the M. digitorum profundus features four heads and the M. interosseous is macroscopically tendinous. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species, which is scarcely studied.

First report of complete albinism in Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) in the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé, Oriental Amazon, Brazil

Albinism is a genetic condition that results in total hypopigmentation of the eyes, fur, skin, hair, scales, and feathers of an organism. Albinism might result in a selective disadvantage for affected animals. Cases of albinism have been previously recorded in Neotropical vertebrates, such as reptiles, mammals, birds, and fish. However, observing albinism in a wild population is still considered to be a rare event. This paper reports a unique case of complete albinism in a red-brocket deer (Mazama americana) living in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The individual was observed within the Biological Reserve of Pará State, one of the most deforested regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The survival of the albino red-brocket deer in the wild can be related to mechanisms of apostatic selection, which theorize the survival of individual prey animals whose mutations make them less likely to be attacked by predators. In other words, the more different a prey animal is from others, the less likely it will be targeted by predators. The high abundance prey animals within the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé seems to support this prediction. This report exemplifies the importance of monitoring the biodiversity and promoting the conservation of favorable habitats to support species multiplicity in highly fragmented regions, as in the Brazilian Amazon.

Descripción anatómica de los segmentos óseos que componen el cráneo de la especie Pudu puda / Anatomical description of the bone segments that make up the skull of the Pudu puda species

RESUMEN: El Pudú (Pudu puda), uno de los ciervos más pequeños del mundo y autóctono de Chile, es considerado como vulnerable (VU) en todo el territorio nacional, hay escasa información específica de los sistemas orgánicos que lo componen y cada vez es más común encontrarlos en zonas urbanas. Estas problemáticas hacen despertar la necesidad de fortalecer la investigación y el estudio de esta especie. En consecuencia, en el presente estudio se realizó una descripción anatómica del esqueleto craneal de dos ejemplares de Pudu puda, donde se destacaron sus principales características óseas comparándolas con especies domesticas ya estudiadas (ovino y caprino). Así se logró determinar diferencias entre las especies estudiadas y la necesidad de profundizar el análisis a través de mediciones de las piezas óseas.

SUMMARY: The Pudú (Pudu puda), one of the smallest deer in the world and indigenous to Chile, is considered vulnerable (VU) throughout the national territory, there is little specific information on the organic systems that compose it, and it is becoming more common find them in urban areas. These problems awaken the need to strengthen research and study of this species. Consequently, in the present study an anatomical description of the cranial skeleton of two specimens of Pudú puda was made, where their main bony characteristics were highlighted by comparing them with domestic species already studied (sheep and goats). Thus, it was possible to determine differences between the species studied and the need to deepen the analysis through measurements of the bone pieces.

Concentração sérica de progesterona, pH da vagina e morfometria corpórea de cervas gestantes (Cervus unicolor) em cativeiro / Serum concentration of progesterone, pH of the vagina and body morphometryof pregnant deer (Cervus unicolor)in captivity

The aim was to study pregnant cervus in captivity, to obtain body morphometric data, serum progesterone concentrations, and pH of the vagina. Females of cervus (Cervus unicolor), (n=8) between 2 and 3 years old were used in November during breeding season. After sedation, in one collection, the following was measured: body weight 54.50 ± 18.70kg, body length 1.21 ± 0.16m, height at withers 0.75 ± 0.08m, thoracic perimeter 0.84 ± 0.12m, and body mass index 97.32 ± 10.50kg / m2. After sedation, blood samples were collected to measure progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay and the use of an indicator tape to obtain the pH of the vagina was performed eight times at four day intervals in the eight females, in a total of 64 samples for each exam. Data were analyzed, and significance was at 5%. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between measurements for serum progesterone concentrations and pH of the vagina. The correlations between body weight, progesterone, pH, and body mass index were not significant (P> 0.05). There was no significant oscillation of progesterone concentration and pH of the vagina in the pregnancy period studied.

Concentração sérica de progesterona, pH da vagina e morfometria corpórea de cervas gestantes (Cervus unicolor) em cativeiro / Serum concentration of progesterone, pH of the vagina and body morphometryof pregnant deer (Cervus unicolor)in captivity

The aim was to study pregnant cervus in captivity, to obtain body morphometric data, serum progesterone concentrations, and pH of the vagina. Females of cervus (Cervus unicolor), (n=8) between 2 and 3 years old were used in November during breeding season. After sedation, in one collection, the following was measured: body weight 54.50 ± 18.70kg, body length 1.21 ± 0.16m, height at withers 0.75 ± 0.08m, thoracic perimeter 0.84 ± 0.12m, and body mass index 97.32 ± 10.50kg / m2. After sedation, blood samples were collected to measure progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay and the use of an indicator tape to obtain the pH of the vagina was performed eight times at four day intervals in the eight females, in a total of 64 samples for each exam. Data were analyzed, and significance was at 5%. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between measurements for serum progesterone concentrations and pH of the vagina. The correlations between body weight, progesterone, pH, and body mass index were not significant (P> 0.05). There was no significant oscillation of progesterone concentration and pH of the vagina in the pregnancy period studied.(AU)

Descripción anatómica de la miología del miembro pélvico y su relación topográfica con el sistema vascular y nervioso en un ejemplar de pudú ( Pudu puda ) / Anatomical description of pelvic limb myology and its topographic relationship with vascular and nervous systems in pudú ( Pudu puda )

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) pertenece a la familia Cervidae y se estima que su población actual total es menor a 10.000 ejemplares, razón por la cual se encuentra en la categoría de "Casi Amenazado" y dentro de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). La causa de la reducción de su población, es la pérdida y la fragmentación de los bosques del sur de Chile, caza, depredación, atropellos, entre otros. En las últimas situaciones mencionadas, es frecuente observar lesiones en la zona corporal caudal y miembros pélvicos del animal. Debido a lo anterior, se considera importante generar estudios morfológicos en el pudú que puedan ser un aporte en el conocimiento de ésta especie en particular. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio descriptivo anatómico del miembro pélvico de un ejemplar de pudú hembra. Se describió la musculatura y sus principales relaciones con vasos sanguíneos y nervios desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro pélvico en cuatro regiones topográficas: cintura pélvica, femoral, crural y del pie. Además, se realizó de forma complementaria un estudio morfométrico de cada región topográfica y cada músculo que la compone. Los resultados fueron comparados con rumiantes domésticos, en relación a lo descrito en la bibliografía anatómica clásica, observando que el ejemplar analizado posee características anatómicas similares a lo descrito para pequeños rumiantes, sin embargo, existen diferencias importantes de tomar en consideración, tales como: el m. de la fascia lata presenta dos porciones sobrepuestas; el m. sóleo presenta un mayor desarrollo; el paquete vasculo nervioso femoral se observa atravesando la porción craneal del m. sartorio y el m. gracilis forma parte del tendón calcáneo común. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de ésta especie poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.

SUMMARY: The Pudu (Pudu puda) belongs to the family Cervidae and it is estimated that its total current population is less than 10,000 specimen, which is why it is part of the "Near Threatened" category and on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The cause of the reduction of its population is the loss and the fragmentation of the forests of the south of Chile, hunting, predation, crashes, among others. In the latter situations, it is common to observe injuries in the caudal area and pelvic limbs of the animal. Due to the above, it is considered important to generate morphological studies in the Pudú that can be a contribution in the knowledge of this particular species. The present study corresponds to an anatomical descriptive study of the pelvic limb of a female Pudú. Musculature and its main relationships with blood vessels and nerves were described from proximal to distal, dividing the pelvic limb into four topographic regions: pelvic waist, femoral, crural and foot. In addition, a morphometric study of each topographic region and each muscle was performed as complementary analysis. The results were compared to domestic ruminants, in relation to those described in the classic anatomical bibliography, observing that the analyzed specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to that described for small ruminants, however, several important differences were observed and should be taken into consideration: the M. tensor fascia latae presents two overlapping portions; the M. soleus is more developed; the vasculature of the femoral nerve is observed through the cranial portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis is part of the common calcaneus tendon. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species.

Osteología del miembro torácico de la corzuela parda Mazama gouazoubira (g. Fischer, 1814) (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) / Osteology of the thoracic limb of south american gray brocket Mazama gouazoubira (Fischer, 1814) (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae)

El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características anatómicas y establecer hipótesis morfo-funcionales del esqueleto del miembro torácico de Mazama gouazoubira. Para ello, se utilizaron los miembros torácicos de cuatro adultos jóvenes. Los huesos se prepararon mediante ebullición y fueron blanqueados en una solución de peróxido de hidrógeno para obtener descripciones comparativas, mediciones osteométricas y radiografías digitales. En comparación con los rumiantes domésticos, la escápula resultó ser ancha y plana, con el acromion pequeño, el proceso coracoides muy pequeño y sin tuberosidad de la espina. El húmero se observó alargado con la diáfisis redondeada en una sección transversal y con proyecciones no articulares lisas. La ulna se unió al radio hasta la epífisis distal y juntos formaron un espacio interóseo proximal alargado y estrecho, sin surco vascular. El esqueleto de la mano presentó los metacarpianos III y IV bien desarrollados y fusionados, mientras que los metacarpianos II y V resultaron rudimentarios con disposición telemetacarpiana, filogenéticamente típico de cérvidos del Nuevo Mundo. Se encontraron cuatro dedos con tres falanges en cada uno, de los cuales, dos corresponden a los principales (III y IV) que llegan al suelo y dos son rudimentarios (II y V). Las radiografías nos permitieron visualizar los patrones de tensiones trabeculares normales y la osteometría permitió establecer relaciones con fines comparativos. Se reconocieron las adaptaciones esqueléticas del miembro torácico para favorecer la locomoción cursorial saltatoria.

This study aimed to describe anatomical features of the forelimb skeleton of Mazama gouazoubira in order to establish morphofunctional activity. Forelimbs of four young adult specimens were used to this end. The bones were prepared by boiling and cleared in a solution of hydrogen peroxide for comparative descriptions, osteometrics measurements and digital radiographs. Compared to domestic ruminants, the scapula proved to be wide and flat, with a small acromion, reduced coracoid process and lacking of spine tuberosity. The humerus had an elongated shaft with a rounded cross-section and discrete non-articular projections. The ulna accompanied the radio to the distal epiphysis and formed a long and narrow, proximally placed interosseous space without a vascular groove. The skeleton of the hand presented the rudimentary metacarpals II and V and the well-developed III and IV fused metacarpals, which is a typical telemetacarpal arrangement of close phylogenetically deer species from the New World. There were four fingers, each one with three phalanges; two main (III and IV) touching the ground and two rudimentary (II and V). Radiographs allowed visualizing patterns of normal trabecular tensions and osteometrics enabled to establish ratios for comparative purposes. Adaptations of skeletal forelimb to favor cursorial saltatory locomotion were typically identified.

Morfologia da língua do cervo do pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) / Morphology of the tongue of the Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)

Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia da língua do cervo do pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus), o maior cervídeo da fauna brasileira, pois poucas são as informações detalhadas sobre sua morfologia. Línguas e fragmentos linguais de oito cervos do pantanal, adultos, provenientes do Projeto Cervo-do-Pantanal de Porto Primavera foram analisados quanto aos seus aspectos macroscópicos e à microscopia de luz. A língua do cervo do pantanal ocupa grande parte da cavidade oral, onde a raiz e o corpo estão fixados caudalmente pelo osso hióide e, em sua porção média, pelo frênulo lingual; seu ápice, achatado e plano é livre; apresenta torus lingual pouco proeminente, não havendo delimitação da fossa lingual. Na superfície dorsal encontram-se as seguintes papilas: filiformes, cônicas, lenticulares, fungiformes e valadas. Histologicamente verificou-se que a mucosa reveste-se de epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado, a lâmina própria constitui-se de tecido conjuntivo, rico em fibras colágenas dispostas em várias direções, onde se verifica abundante vascularização, além de acúmulo de tecido linfático.

The aim was to describe the morphology of the tongue of the Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), the largest deer of the Brazilian fauna, since there is little detailed information on their morphology. Tongues of eight adult Marsh deers, belonging to Projeto cervo-do-pantanal de Porto Primavera were analyzed for their macroscopic aspects and by light microscopy. The Marsh deer tongue occupies most of the oral cavity, where the root and body are fixed caudally by the hyoid bone, and in its middle portion by the frenulum linguae; its free apex is flat and plane, has little prominent torus lingae and there is no demarcation of fossa linguae. The lateral and ventral surfaces are covered by a thin mucosa; however the dorsal surface is covered by thick mucosa, although soft. On the dorsal surface are the papillae: filiform, conical, lenticular, fungiform and vallate. Histologically was found that the mucosa has a stratified squamous epithelium, the lamina propria consists of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers arranged in several directions, where there is abundant vascularization and accumulation of lymphoid tissue.

Osteology and radiographic anatomy of the hind limbs in Marshdeer (Blastocerus dichotomus) / Anatomia óssea e radiográfica do membro pélvico do cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus)

The knowledge of anatomical structures found in wild animals is important for the practice of medical and surgical clinic. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the osteology and radiographic anatomy of the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges of the Marshdeer Blastocerus dichotomus as a reference for clinical use and species identification. Most structures were similar to those found in domestic animals, with special features of this species. Noteworthy is, for example, the absence of the third trochanter of the femur. Although a ruminant, the Marshdeer has a fibuyla similar to the one described for the horse. B. dichotomus has four fingers on each limb, formed through three phalanges, only the third and fourth finger touch the ground, and the second and fifth finger is rudimentary. It has four proximal and two distal sesamoid bones, and sesamoid bones near the gastrocnemius muscle do not exist...

O conhecimento das estruturas anatômicas encontradas nos animais silvestres é importante para a prática da clínica médica e cirúrgica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a osteologia e anatomia radiográfica do fêmur, patela, tíbia, fíbula, tarsais, metatarsais e falanges do cervo-do-pantanal, para contribuir com o cotidiano clínico e, a identificação da espécie. A maioria das estruturas foi semelhante às encontradas nos animais domésticos, com particularidades próprias da espécie. Destaca-se, por exemplo, a ausência do terceiro trocanter do fêmur. Embora seja um ruminante, o cervo-do-pantanal apresentou a fíbula semelhante à descrita para os equinos. Este animal possui quatro dedos em cada membro, formados por três falanges, sendo que apenas o terceiro e o quarto dedos tocam o solo e, o segundo e o quinto dedos são rudimentares. Apresentou ainda quatro ossos sesamóides proximais e dois distais. Não se observou ossos sesamóides junto ao músculo gastrocnêmio...

Morfologia do estômago do cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus, Illiger 1815) / Morphology of the marsh deer's stomach (Blastocerus dichotomus, Illiger 1815)

Em razão da falta de informações sobre a morfologia do cervo-do-pantanal, objetivou-se apresentar a morfologia das câmaras gástricas desse cervídeo. Macroscopicamente, o estômago do cervo-do-pantanal é formado pelo rúmen, retículo, omaso e abomaso, assemelhando-se aos ruminantes domésticos. Microscopicamente, o rúmen e o abomaso são semelhantes aos animais domésticos, já o retículo e o omaso apresentam características específicas, como acentuada queratinização no ápice das pequenas projeções epiteliais do retículo e pregas omasais revestidas por discretas papilas.(AU)

Based on the lack of information regarding the morphology of marsh deer, this work aims to describe some morphological aspects of the gastric chamber in this species, collaborating with future investigations, mainly related to rational handling in this cervid. This work aimed to describe the morphology of the gastric chamber of the marsh deer, characterizing the external and internal macroscopical details and the microscopical architecture of these structures by light microscopy. Macroscopically, the marsh deer stomach is formed by the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum similar to the domestic ruminants. Microscopically, rumen and abomasum are similar to the domestic ruminants. The reticulum and the omasum, however, present specific characteristics such as keratin on the top of the reticulum, small epithelial projections and omasum folds covered with discrete papillae.(AU)

Anatomical characteristics of deer and sheep lumbar spines: comparison to the human lumbar spine / Características anatómicas de la columna vertebral de ciervos y ovejas: comparación con la columna vertebral humana

Deer and sheep spines are often used as models of the human spine. A prerequisite for the use of animal models is information regarding the interspecies differences in the parameters of general interest. This would clarify the limitations of each animal model and substantiate the applicability of the obtained results to humans. Since sufficient data appear to be currently unavailable, we sought to investigate the feasibility of using deer and sheep as animal models for studies on the human spine. The objective of this study was a thorough comparison of the anatomical parameters of deer and sheep spines with those of the human spine. We employed three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography images, generated using figure analysis software, which facilitated quantitative analysis of the linear and curvature parameters and the geometric index of the vertebral bodies. Our findings represent a comprehensive database of the anatomical characteristics of the deer and sheep lumbar spines and their comparisons with those of the human lumbar spine. This study provides insight into the similarities and differences in the vertebral geometries between the human spine and the deer and sheep spines. We found that the differences are minimal and that they do not greatly compromise the utility of deer and sheep lumbar spines as models of the human lumbar spine.

La columna vertebral de ciervos y ovejas se utiliza frecuentemente como modelo de la columna vertebral humana. Un requisito previo para el uso de modelos animales es la información con respecto a las diferencias entre especies en los parámetros de interés general, lo que aclara las limitaciones de cada modelo animal y fundamenta la aplicabilidad de los resultados obtenidos para los seres humanos. Debido a que existen datos suficientes actualmente, hemos intentado investigar la viabilidad de utilizar ciervos y ovejas como modelos animales para los estudios sobre la columna vertebral humana. El objetivo fue realizar una comparación exhaustiva de los parámetros anatómicos de las columnas de ciervos y ovejas, con los de la columna vertebral humana. Empleamos reconstrucciones tridimensionales de imágenes de tomografía computadorizada, mediante un programa de análisis de la figura, lo que facilitó el análisis cuantitativo de los parámetros lineales y de la curvatura y el índice geométrico de las vértebras. Nuestros hallazgos representan una amplia base de datos de las características anatómicas de la columna lumbar de los ciervos y ovejas y sus comparaciones con las de la columna lumbar humana. Este estudio proporciona información sobre las similitudes y diferencias en las geometrías vertebrales entre la columna vertebral humana y las columnas de venado y oveja. Se encontró que las diferencias son mínimas y que no comprometen el uso de la columna de ciervos y ovejas como modelos de la columna lumbar humana.

A limit for antler length in captive marals / Límite del largo de cuernos del ciervo colorado en cautiverio

The main aim of this study was to estimate phenotypic correlations among live weight, withers height, rump height, chest depth, chest width, thoracic girth, body length, hip widths (between iliac tuberosities and between ischial tuberosities) and forelimb cannon perimeter with antler length measured during the growth of marals on a Kazakh farm. The data comprised 18 animals studied during their growth (at 18 months and at 24 months). In maral, the first period of antler productivity takes place at the age of 24 months. This fact should be taken into account in order to select the best animals for antler production, which is the main purpose for farming this species.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar en ciervos colorados de una granja de Kazajstán, las correlaciones fenotípicas entre el peso vivo, altura a la cruz, la profundidad del pecho, ancho de pecho, circunferencia torácica, longitud del cuerpo, ancho de cadera (entre tuberosidades ilíacas e isquiáticas) y perímetro del miembro anterior, con el largo de cuernos medido durante su crecimiento. Los datos de este estudio comprendieron 18 animales durante su crecimiento (entre los 18 y 24 meses). En el ciervo colorado el período inicial de la productividad de cuernos tiene lugar a los de 24 meses de edad. Este hecho se debe tener en cuenta para seleccionar los mejores animales para la producción de cuernos, objetivo principal para la crianza de esta especie.

Distribuição dos brônquios lobares dos pulmões do veado-catingueiro Mazama gouazoubira / Distribution of lobar bronchi of the lungs of brown brocket deer Mazama gouazoubira

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a lobação do pulmão do veado-catingueiro Mazama gouazoubira. Dois animais da espécie, obtidos post mortem por atropelamento em rodovia, foram utilizados para o estudo, obedecendo aos critérios da Lei Vigente (Lei 1.153/95). Através da dissecação, a pele foi completamente removida e os animais foram fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10 porcento. Através de um acesso ventral, o bloco de vísceras foi removido e posteriormente os pulmões foram dissecados do bloco por uma secção na região torácica da traqueia e de outras estruturas do hilo pulmonar. Os pulmões e a árvore brônquica foram dissecados, fotografados, as imagens foram registradas com câmera fotográfica digital (Câmera Sony a200, 10.2mpx). Os pulmõesapresentaram-se unidos pelas estruturas que penetravam a região do hilo pulmonar, o pulmão direito do veado-catingueiro mostrou ser composto pelos lobos cranial (segmento cranial e segmento caudal), médio, caudal e acessório. O pulmão esquerdo apresentou apenas lobo cranial (segmentado em parte cranial e parte caudal) e lobo caudal. A árvore brônquica se inicia emergindo para o pulmão direito um brônquio traqueal acima da bifurcação da traqueia que sequencialmente serão denominados de brônquios principais direito e esquerdo, os quais no nível do hilo pulmonar penetram nos pulmões direito e esquerdo respectivamente. Os pulmões e árvore brônquica de M. gouazoubira apresentaram a mesma descrição anatômica de outros ruminantes, como bubalinos, ovinos e bovinos.

The study aimed to describe the lung lobation of the brown brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira. Two animal of the species, obtained postmortem by trampling on the highway, were used for the study, according to criteria of the Governing Law (1.153/95). The skin was completely removed and the animals were fixed in 10 percent formaldehyde. The viscera were removed and the lungs were dissected by a section of the block in the thoracic trachea and other structures of the pulmonary hilum. The lungs and bronchial tree were dissected, photographed and the images were recorded with a digital camera (Sony a200 Camera, 10.2mpx). The lungs showed themselves united by structures that penetrate the region of the pulmonary hilum, the right lung was found to be composed of the cranial lobes (segment cranial and caudal segment), middle, caudal and accessory. The left lung showed only cranial lobe (segmented into the cranial and caudal part) and caudal lobe. The bronchial tree begins emerges to the right lung one tracheal bronchus above the bifurcation of the trachea that are sequentially named right and left main bronchi, which at the level of the pulmonary hilum penetrate the left and right lungs respectively. The lungs and bronchial tree of M. gouazoubira showed the same anatomical description of other ruminants, like buffaloes, sheep and cattle.

No difference in antler asymmetries between two captive maral deer populations / No existen diferencias de asimetría de las astas entre dos poblaciones de ciervo rojo en cautiverio

The objective of this study was to investigate asymmetry in antlers of Caspian Red Deer or maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus) from two different genetic origins and maintained under similar conditions. Eighteen male Caspian Red Deer aged 24 months were studied. Nine animals belonged to the local Kazakh population and nine were directly imported Russian deer. The following data were obtained for right and left antlers: wet weight, stem length and circle and 1st, 2nd and 3rd shoot lengths. To obtain the values of antler asymmetries we used the absolute differences between the value of each trait on left and right sides. According to values of asymmetries obtained, the two populations neither showed differences from each other nor exhibited consistent directional trends in mean measures. Therefore, it could be concluded that Russian marals have adapted well to environmental conditions, presenting no different levels of environmental stress in relation to local Kazakh ones.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asimetría en las astas del Ciervo Rojo del Mar Caspio o Maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus) en dos rebaños de origen genético diferente y mantenidos bajo condiciones similares. Se estudiaron 18 ciervos rojos del mar Caspio (machos) de 24 meses de edad. Nueve de los 18 animales pertenecían a la población nativa de Kazajistán y nueve fueron importados directamente desde Rusia. Se obtuvieron los siguientes datos para las astas derecha e izquierda: peso húmedo, longitud del tallo, circunferencia y primera, segunda y tercera longitud de los cuernos. Para obtener los valores de asimetrías de las astas se registraron las diferencias absolutas entre el valor de cada rasgo, izquierdo y derecho. De acuerdo a los valores obtenidos de las asimetrías, no se registraron diferencias entre ambas poblaciones, tampoco se observaron tendencias direccionales consistentes en el promedio de medidas. El ciervo rojo ruso se ha adaptado bien a las condiciones ambientales y no presentó niveles de estrés ambiental diferentes en relación con los animales nativos de Kazajistán.

Effect of sex and seasons of the year on hematologic and serum biochemical variables of captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) / Efeito do sexo e estações do ano sobre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímico-séricas de veados-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) criados em cativeiro

The Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is the most common free-living and captive deer in South America, especially in Brazil, and has great ecological and scientific significance. However, data on hematological and biochemical parameters in brown brocket deer are scarce. The goal of this study was to establish reference ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters of Mazama gouazoubira, comparing differences during the seasons of the year and between sex. Blood samples from ten adult healthy brown brocket deer (6 female and 4 male) were collected during daytime, monthly, during 12 months. The animals were maintained in individual stable, protected from noise and fed ad libitum with commercial ration and green fodder. For blood collection, animals were submitted to physical restrain for no longer than 2 minutes. The following parameters were determined: red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), total protein (TP), albumin, cholesterol, total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, triglycerides, creatinine and urea. Values were compared according to season and sex. RBC count, WBC count and MCV suggested seasonal influence. Haemoglobin concentration, PCV and MCV were influenced by sex. Serum concentration of total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium were influenced by season. Serum magnesium was also influenced by sex. The blood parameters herein reported may be useful as reference values for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in captive brown-brocket deer.

O veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) é o cervídeo de vida livre mais comum na América do Sul, especialmente no Brasil, e tem grande importância ecológica e científica. No entanto, dados sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos nesta espécie animal são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer valores de referência hematológica e bioquímica do Mazama gouazoubira, comparando diferenças entre as estações do ano e entre sexo. Amostras sanguíneas de dez veados-catingueiros (6 fêmeas e 4 machos), todos adultos hígidos, foram mensalmente colhidas pela manhã, durante 12 meses, e prontamente analisadas. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individual, protegidos de barulho e alimentados ad libitum com ração comercial e forragem verde. Para obtenção das amostras, os animais foram submetidos à contenção física por, no máximo, 2 minutos. Os seguintes parâmetros foram determinados: Contagem total de hemáceas, concentração de hemoglobina, volume globular (VG), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), contagem total de leucócitos, contagem de plaquetas, atividade das enzimas alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e concentrações séricas de fosfatase alcalina (FA), creatino quinase (CK), proteína total (PT), albumina, colesterol, cálcio total, cálcio iônico, sódio, potássio, magnésio, triglicérides, creatinina e uréia. Os valores foram comparados de acordo com o sexo e sazonalidade. A contagem total de hemáceas, de leucócitos e VCM sugeriu influência das estações do ano sobre estes parâmetros. A concentração de hemoglobina, VG e VCM foram influenciados pelo sexo. Concentrações séricas de cálcio total, cálcio iônico, sódio, potássio e magnésio também foram influenciados pelas estações do ano. O teor sérico de magnésio sofreu influência, ainda, do sexo. Os parâmetros sanguíneos obtidos e aqui reportados podem ser úteis como valores de referência nesta espécie para fins diagnóstico e prognóstico.

Gross anatomy of the stomach of the cervus elaphus barbarus / Anatomía macroscópica del estómago del ciervo elaphus barbarus

The barbary stag is an intermediate feeder ruminant of the Cervidae family. The macroscopic anatomy of the stomach in one adult barbary stag was described. The stomach of the barbary stag was composed of the four classic compartments of the ruminants. The weight of the full stomach was 10.5 Kg. The ruminal papillae were distributed unevenly in the rumen. The maximum height of the cristae reticuli was 0.2 cm. The cellulae reticuli were mostly undivided. The curvatura omasi measured 15.0 cm and the omasum had 15 primary, 10 secondary, 10 tertiary and 17 cuaternaryLaminae omasi. The abomasum had about 12 plicae spirales abomasi.We concluded that the stomach morphology of the barbary stag had characteristics of other intermediate feeder ruminants.

El ciervo de Berbería es un rumiante perteneciente a la familia Cervidae family. Se describió la anatomía macroscópica del estómago de un ciervo de Berbería. El estómago del ciervo estaba compuesto por los clásicos cuatro componentes de los rumiantes. El peso lleno del estómago fue de 10,5 Kg. Las papilas ruminales estaban distribuidas de manera desigual en el rumen. La altura máxima de las crestas reticulares fue de 0,2 cm. La mayoría de las celdas reticulares estaban divididas. La curvatura del omasi medía 15,0 cm y la del omasum presentaba 15 láminas primarias, 10 secundaria, 10 terciarias y 17 cauternarias. El abomasum presentaba alrededor de 12 pliegues espirales. Concluimos que la morfología del estómago del ciervo de Berbería es semejante al de otros rumiantes.

Origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático no veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) / Origin and distribution of the sciatic nerve in catingueiro-deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

This study aimed to describe the origin and distribution of the sciatic nerve in catingueiro-deer (Mazama gouazoubira). Two animals of the species, obtained post mortem by trampling on the highway, were used for the study meeting the requirements of the Governing Law (1.153/95). By dissection the skin was completely removed and the animals were fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution. Through dorsolateral access, superficial gluteal muscle, biceps femoris muscle and gluteus medius muscle were cut at their insertion and folded, to view the origin and distribution of the sciatic nerve on both sides of the animals. Images were recorded with a digital camera (Sony a200 Camera, 10.2mpx) and results were described based on Veterinary Anatomical Nomina. The source data of the sciatic nerve in both specimens showed that the nerve originates from the ventral branches of S1 and L6, and could have contribution from S2. After its emergence through the greater sciatic foramen on both the sides, the sciatic nerve supplies branches to gluteus medius muscle, gluteus deep muscle, superficial gluteal muscle, gluteobiceps muscle, biceps femoris muscle, semimembranosus muscle, semitendinosus muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. Near the mid-thigh the sciatic nerve divides into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve which innervate the muscles of the distal hind limb. Moreover, the cutaneous nerve flow can cause the common peroneal nerve or tibial nerve. In conclusion, in Mazama gouazoubira specimens studied, the sciatic nerve originated from the ventral branch of spinal L6 and S1, which may or may not have the contribution from S2. In its distribution stem originate the gluteal nerve, the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve and muscular branches, which together innervate the muscles gluteus medius, gluteus deep, superficial gluteal, gluteobiceps, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor and gastrocnemius. Distally the sciatic nerve bifurcates into the common peroneal and tibial nerve, which innervates the distal hind limb.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a origem e a distribuição do nervo isquiático no veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira). Dois animais da espécie, obtidos post mortem por atropelamento em rodovia, foram utilizados para o estudo, obedecendo aos critérios da Lei Vigente (Lei 1.153/95). Através da dissecação, a pele foi completamente removida e os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Através de um acesso dorso-lateral, os músculos glúteo superficial, bíceps femoral e glúteo médio foram seccionados no seu local de inserção e rebatidos. Desta forma foi possível visualizar a origem e a distribuição do nervo isquiático, em ambos os antímeros dos animais. As imagens foram registradas com câmera fotográfica digital (Câmera Sony a200, 10.2mpx) e os resultados foram descritos com base na Nomina Anatômica Veterinária. Os dados da origem do nervo isquiático nos dois espécimes estudados mostraram que esta ocorre a partir dos ramos ventrais de L6 e S1, podendo ter contribuição de S2. Após a sua emergência pelo forame isquiático maior, em ambos os antímeros, o nervo isquiático fornece ramos para suprir os músculos glúteo médio, glúteo profundo, glúteo superficial, gluteobíceps, bíceps da coxa, semimembranoso, semitendinoso e gastrocnêmio. Próximo ao meio da coxa o nervo isquiático divide-se em nervo tibial e nervo fibular comum os quais inervam os músculos da região distal do membro pélvico. Além disso, o nervo cutâneo caudal da sura pode se originar dos nervos fibular comum ou do nervo tibial. Em conclusão, nos espécimes de Mazama gouazoubira estudados, o nervo isquiático teve sua origem a partir dos ramos ventrais espinais de L6 e S1, podendo ou não ter a contribuição de S2. Na sua distribuição originam-se o nervo glúteo caudal, o nervo cutâneo femoral caudal e ramos musculares, que, conjuntamente inervam os músculos glúteo médio, glúteo profundo, glúteo superficial, gluteobíceps, bíceps da coxa, semitendinoso, semimembranoso, adutor e gastrocnêmio. Distalmente o nervo isquiático bifurca-se Em nervo tibial e fibular comum, os quais inervam a porção distal do membro pélvico.

Morphometry research of deer, sheep, and human lumbar spine: feasibility of using deerand sheep in spinal animal models / Investigación morfometríca de la columna vertebral lumbar de ciervos, ovejas y humanos: factibilidad del uso de ciervos y ovejas como modelos animales de columna vertebral

Deer and sheep are used as spinal animal models in clinical and basic research. In this paper, the anatomical morphology, curvature, and morphology index parameters were investigated to assess the feasibility of using deer and sheep as animal models of the human spine. Fresh adult male sheep, deer, and human spine specimens (n = 10 each) were screened and subjected to morphological analyses. The statistical software package SPSS (version 17.0) was used to analyze the statistical similarity and variability among the 3 species. Deer displayed good similarity to human in terms of the vertebral transverse diameter, radius vector, spinal canal transverse diameter, radius vector, and vertebral upper and lower endplate curvature radii. Sheep displayed good similarity to human in terms of the vertebral body height, pedicle height, vertebral mid-lever curvature radius, and vertebral positive curvature radius. Human, deer, and sheep each displayed unique morphological characteristics and trends for the lumbar spine. These findings indicate that deer and sheep are good spinal animal models of human in morphometry, but with specific advantages in different research fields: deer are more suitable when studying vertebrae and endplate structures, while sheep are more suitable when referring to structures such as the vertebral walls.

Los ciervos y las ovejas se utilizan como modelos animales para la investigación clínica y básica de columna vertebral. En este trabajo, fueron investigados parámetros de morfología anatómica, curvatura e índice morfológico para evaluar la viabilidad de la utilización de ciervos y ovejas como modelos animales de la columna vertebral humana. Fueron examinados y sometidos a análisis morfológicos, especímenes frescos de columna vertebral (n = 10 cada uno) de ovejas y ciervos machos adultos, y columnas de individuos adultos humanos, de sexo masculino. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS (versión 17.0) para analizar la similitud estadística y la variabilidad entre las 3 especies. Los ciervos muestran similitud con el humano en términos del diámetro vertebral transversal, vector radio, diámetro del canal espinal transversal, vector radio, y los radios de curvatura vertebral superior e inferior de la placa terminal. Las ovejas muestran similitud con el humano en cuanto a la altura del cuerpo vertebral, altura del pedículo, curvatura de radio vertebral medio, y el radio de curvatura vertebral positiva. Los humanos, ciervos y ovejas muestran características morfológicas y direcciones de la columna vertebral únicas. Estos hallazgos indican que los ciervos y las ovejas son buenos modelos animales en la morfometría de la columna vertebral humana, pero con ventajas específicas en diferentes campos de investigación: los ciervos son más adecuados en el estudio de las vértebras y las estructuras de placa terminal, mientras que las ovejas son más adecuados cuando se refiere a estructuras como las paredes vertebrales.